Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Lab report - Essay Example Further, the general RPM run for the AC engine was around 1/3 that of the rpm extend for the DC engine. Similarly, the AC engine was at last giving the force and driving the DC engine. Finally, the AC engines in simultaneous speed decline was digressively identified with the diminishing in AC engine drive recurrence. The hidden objective for these examinations was to give a more profound comprehension into a definitive impacts of a significant number of the mechanical and electrical components that sway upon the presentation of a DC engine. Moreover, the lab itself accommodates a comprehension of the impacts of shut circle and open circle speed control components; using straight and beat hardware. The hidden need for fixed speed engines is at last an issue of tactile highlights. For example, a reduced circle player requires an electric motor to keep a base essential rpm go as a methods for precisely perusing the CD itself and making an interpretation of this data into discernible sound. Appropriately, a fixed magnet engine is made out of the accompanying center parts recorded beneath in Figure 1.0 as was noticed, the passing current makes an attractive field which thusly creates torque that drives the motor itself. This is an essential compound and build of any electrical loader. However, so as to guarantee that the Armature starts pivoting it is fundamental for the torque of the motor to defeat the mechanical burden that it is confronted with. Furthermore, the connection among torque and current is known as a torque consistent. As the armature pivots, it goes around the attractive field of the magnets. Appropriately, and electromotive power is required and created so as to gracefully the voltage that is important to draw in this specific activity. Finally, it should likewise be comprehended that winding and the activity of the pundit brushes requires its own degree of obstruction too. The activity endeavored to

English 4B Flashcard

English 4B

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as Essay - 1

Authoritative culture is on a very basic level about representative significance and as such can't be overseen. Talk about - Essay Example By imagery individuals deliberately give shape and structure to their own world. Reality doesn't establish of articles to which people respond, rather it is the social condition inside which individuals act as per their own viewpoint of the circumstance. Any item or activity can be known as an image when it has a separated importance from its genuine self. An article or activity turns into an image when it isn't seen by their obvious structure however by the significance applied to it by the individuals from the association. For example an enormous work area isn't seen as an object of comfort for different exercises, yet is viewed as a delegate of the organization’s force, status and impact. In this way, the work area turns into a social image of the organization’s status (Schultz, 1995, p.76). Hierarchical culture is guzzled with unique perspectives like sentiments, feelings and points of view of individuals, and furthermore with objects for their representative qualit ies instead of their instrumental qualities. Hierarchical culture is along these lines difficult to oversee since numerous significant parts of culture like dreams and sentiments of individuals must be considered with extraordinary worth when goal is to carry potential changes to authoritative culture. This paper centers around the interconnection of imagery and hierarchical culture. ... Over the most recent couple of decades, most scholastics have been proposing that culture is the earth and the atmosphere made by the association for the executives of its kin. Hierarchical culture is the arrangement of emotions, musings and convictions of a gathering of individuals related with an association, and the implying that individuals connect to their activities. It mirrors the perspectives on the representatives about the state of affairs done in an association (O’Donnell and Boyle, 2008, p.viii). Along these lines, culture gives a feeling of personality to an association. The way of life of an association envelops everything that it is acceptable at and all the things that worked before. These ideas are commonly tolerating by the representatives who have been working in an association for an extensive stretch. At the point when new workers join the association, they find out about the legends of the association. With time such legends become the standard which impl ies they become the ordinary and acknowledged example of conduct. (O’Donnell and Boyle, 2008, pp.4-5) as of late administration speculations have been accentuating on the chiefs the significance of making a solid social feeling inside the association (O’Donnell and Boyle, 2008, p.viii). The entrancing thing about culture is that it demonstrates a marvel that is covered up underneath the surface and is imperceptible yet has ground-breaking sway. Culture shapes the personal conduct standards of the individuals from a gathering through the normal convictions that are held in that gathering (Schein, 2010, p.14). It has been recommended that â€Å"culture and administration are on a very basic level intertwined.† (Schein, 2010, p.xi) There are three components to this †1) the pioneers are

What is happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

What is satisfaction - Essay Example In the late spring, when I sit in the grass and feel the sun warm your skin, testing the water temperature with my feet. In the harvest time, I can see the red maple leaves tumbling from the trees. In the winter, I feel the freshness of the air all over and hearing the mash of snow under your feet. The entirety of the sense causes me to feel cheerful. Satisfaction, for me, additionally incorporates travel encounters. I saw some delightful landscape I had not seen previously, I could taste various nourishments, and I attempted some new things. The previous summer, I ventured out to Nepal and took a stab at paragliding. At the point when I was skimming in the sky, I felt free like a winged creature and flew the mists clear my psyche. I felt bliss at that time. Envision how it feels whenever you get an opportunity to fly in the sky. Do you figure you will have a similar feeling of opportunity as me? A few people think satisfaction implies staying aware of the Joneses. Be that as it may, for me, I do think satisfaction is estimated by riches. Numerous individuals on the planet have extreme riches. They utilize the cash to purchase various vehicles and fabricate chateau to show their status in the general public. Despite the fact that they have all that they want, they despite everything need to be cheerful. For instance, Guangxu was one of the heads in Qing tradition. He had status, cash, ladies however he despite everything felt hopeless because of the inability to control his life. He could do everything his grandma needed him do. Then again, a well known Chinese man who lived during Second World War surrendered the rich life and the opportunity to be a specialist to turn into a poor essayist. In spite of the fact that he carried on with a poor life, he never laments. Rather, he was cheerful as his work could carry extraordinary change to the general public. Chinese people†™s minds about purposeful publicity, he assisted with realizing the insurgency of China. This is the explanation I accept that bliss is having enough to endure easily. Companions assume a significant job in our life. We can't be glad without companions. Concentrating alone

Life Cycle Of A Star Essay Example

Life Cycle Of A Star Essay Now the gas will be sufficiently hot to sparkle. In any case, since here is as yet a lot of residue encompassing the gas there isnt much radii Zion given offing the noticeable spectrum(light people can see) Brown Dwarf: An earthy colored smaller person is the point at which a protestor has not had the option to arrive at minimum amount, the is implies that combination was always unable to start, these items extend in size from 13 90 times t he mass of Jupiter. Primary Sequence: Most stars known to mankind for a large portion of their life will fall into the classification principle arrangement. A principle succession star is the point at which a protestor can start atomic combination, in the center of these stars hydrogen is melded into helium discharging vitality all the while. Primary grouping stars change in size from around 0. 08 the mass of our Sun (this is known as a sun based mass) to 1502 00 sunlight based masses when all is said in done the greater a star is the quicker it utilizes Hydrogen and the shorter its life expectancy. Contingent upon the stars mass it will either follow the way of a red monster or beck mother a red very goliath. Red Giant: A star turns into a red monster when it has . 5 sun based masses. We will compose a custom article test on Life Cycle Of A Star explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Life Cycle Of A Star explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Life Cycle Of A Star explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer After the star has s confined billions of years combining hydrogen into helium it become a red mammoth. Since the helium I s heavier it sinks to the focal point of the star leaving a shell of hydrogen. After a large portion of the hydrogen has been utilized the tar starts to crumple, as the star falls the temperature and thickness in t he center increments considering the helium to begin melding into carbon and oxygen. The vitality give en off by the helium combination at that point makes the star extend to many occasions the size of our sun. A star will go through around 100 million years as a red mammoth. Planetary cloud: After a red mammoth has completed the process of melding helium into carbon it discharges the external lay RSI of itself framing what is know as a planetary cloud. This piece of the stars life begins as the as personal time it turns into a white midget. The recently made white diminutive person lights up the haze Of gas and d SST Planetary nebulae just last two or three a huge number of years before the gas and residue ids parsed into space. White smaller person: A white diminutive person starts simultaneously as a planetary. A white midget is the center e of the star that is left after it has got done with intertwining helium and passed over its external layers. A white d war is hot arriving at 100,000 Kelvin. The white diminutive person will go through the following billion years chill ins off. White smaller people are additionally thick being around multiple times as thick as our plane t, they are second just to neutron stars. Red supernatant: Stars that are around 10 sunlight based masses will turn into a red supernatant. Red super organist are huge, some of them like IVY Janis Majors are about multiple times the size of our sun . Like with a red mammoth in a supernatant the star starts to fall and the warmth and weight HTH s makes the star begin to meld helium into carbon. On account of their more prominent mass however the sees stars can have combination responses that make components up to press. Like fundamental arrangement stars the greater the star the shorter. A supernatant life is around barely any 100,000 1,000,000 years Us persona: A supernova is the how gigantic stars end their life, a supernova will very brie fly push prompt more light than the whole cosmic system. As the red supernatant was taking its life combining he assert and heavier components they developed in groups with the heavier components at the center, Once t he star passes a specific mass known as far as possible the star breakdown. The e stun wave brought about by the crumbling of the star in the end arrives at the center and skips back. The showplace bobbing back makes the star detonate in a supernova and in the is short time all the components heavier than iron are made. After the supernova practically the entirety of the star has been passed over and what is left is a unimaginably thick center. Neutron star: A Neutron Star is the center left over from a supernova, they have a mass Of are fix 1. 4 sun powered masses and just have a distance across of 20 kilometers.

Work Projects Administration

Work Projects Administration Work Projects Administration (WPA), former U.S. government agency, established in 1935 by executive order of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the Works Progress Administration; it was renamed the Work Projects Administration in 1939, when it was made part of the Federal Works Agency. Created when unemployment was widespread, the WPAâ€"headed by Harry L. Hopkins until 1938â€"was designed to increase the purchasing power of persons on relief by employing them on useful projects. WPA's building program included the construction of 116,000 buildings, 78,000 bridges, and 651,000 mi (1,047,000 km) of road and the improvement of 800 airports. Also a part of WPA's diversified activities were the Federal Art Project, the Federal Writers' Project, and the Federal Theatre Project. Close to 10,000 drawings, paintings, and sculptured works were produced through WPA, and many public buildings (especially post offices) were decorated with murals. The experiments in theatrical productions wer e highly praised and introduced many fresh ideas. Musical performances under the project averaged 4,000 a month. The most notable product of writers in WPA was a valuable series of state and regional guidebooks. WPA also conducted an education program and supervised the activities of the National Youth Administration . At its peak WPA had about 3.5 million persons on its payrolls. Altogether WPA employed a total of 8.5 million persons, and total federal appropriations for the program amounted to almost $11 billion. There was sharp criticism of the WPA in a Senate committee report in 1939; the same year the WPA appropriation was cut, several projects were abolished, and others were curtailed. A strike of thousands of WPA workers to prevent a cut in wages on building projects was unsuccessful. Steadily increasing employment in the private sector, much speeded just before and during World War II, caused further drastic cuts in WPA appropriations and payrolls. In June, 1943, the agency officially went out of existence. See D. S. Howard, WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

Global Financial Crisis And Regulation Of Financial Accounting Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This report is related to issue, problems of recent global financial crisi. How it effects economy and people and research methods used to identify the reasons and few analysis of people what they think how this crisis came and the end some recommendations to overcome or to prevent from this crisis in future. Research Background As we are going to talk about and investigate about financial crisis, which effected globally the whole econonomy. This is essential to have knowledge about the term financial crisis and its major impacts to the economy. Financial crisis is applied or used generally to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets abruptly lose a huge portion of their value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were associated with banking panics, and many recessions co-existed with these fears. Other situations that are often called financial crises include stock market crashes and the explosion of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and sovereign defaults. Financial crisis has occurred throughout the past century, however if we talk about the current scenario it actually started to show its impacts in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. The collapse of Lehman Brothers on September 14, 2008 marked the beginning of a new phase in the global financial crisis. Governments around the world struggled to rescue giant financial institutions as the fallout from the housing and stock market collapse worsened. Many financial institutions continued to face serious liquidity issues. The Australian government announced the first of its stimulus packages aimed to jump-start the slowing economyFinancial crises directly result in a loss of paper wealth; they do not directly result in changes in the real economy, may indirectly do so, notably if Financial crisis is a situation precipitated by a general lack of confidence in a countrys financial system (Aizenman, J 2007). Several theories are however developed by different economists related to the occurrence, causes and prevention of global crisis. But there is little consensus, however, and financial crises are still a continuous occurrence throughout the world. Key Objectives As we have referred various circumstances under which financial crisis may happen and its disastrous ongoing results to the whole world economy. It is crucial to find the way outs for the global crisis. The solutions can be achieved by setting some norms and international standards. The following are the key objectives under which, we will accomplish our research report. Determine the various primary causes of financial crisis Associate the causes with IASB (International Accounting Standard Board) Straightaway connect and justify our analysis with related financial accounting theories Adopt the various accounting procedures to undertake research and justify them. Analyze the timeline for an overview of the latest measure taken by the IASB in response to the financial crisis View an overview of the IASB activities related to global crisis Apply further research methods to appraise global financial crisis in more depth Discover the possible outcomes for this international dilemma Implementation of the outcomes worldwide Theoretical Perspectives In this research we tried to relate the various theories of accounting discussed during the class. At first below diagram is a representation of factors contributing to housing bubble. Housing bubble means when the rates of houses significantly rise. This happened mainly in the years 2007-2010, time of financial crisis. People believe that real estate bubble mainly in America was the partial reason for global crisis. Above (Factors contributing to housing bubble) In the above diagram we can directly see the political and government influence. Here we can relate it with public interest theory of regulation and capture theory of regulation. Whereas the capture theory here dominates public interest theory of regulation. Although according to public interest theory the regulation is introduced to protect the public, but regulatory mechanisms often controlled by groups most affected by regulation like political and government. So these theories directly justify this situation, the major cause of financial crisis. As the bank plays critical role in current market system, when the larger banks show signs of crisis, it is not just the wealthy that suffer, but potentially everyone. With a globalized system, a credit crunch can ripple through the entire (real) economy very quickly turning a global financial crisis into a global economic crisis. As the legitimacy theory relies on social contract and does not rely on the economic based assumption that all action is driven by self-interest and wealth maximization. For example, an entire banking system that lacks confidence in lending as it faces massive losses will try to shore up reserves and may reduce access to credit, or make it more difficult and expensive to obtain. In the wider economy, this credit crunch and higher costs of borrowing will affect many sectors, leading to job cuts. People may find their mortgages harder to pay, or remortgaging could become expensive. For any recent home buyers, the value of their homes is likely to fall in value leaving them in negative equity. As people cut back on consumption to try and weather this economic storm, more businesses will struggle to survive leading to further job losses. If we talk about economic interest group theory it is solely motivated by self-interest. This also became the reason for recent financial crisis. Different Countries were often in conflict with each other. Economic environment plays a crucial role for outbreak and reoccurrence of conflict. In particular wars often start following growth collapses (Collier et al, 2009). Sharp economic slowdowns and low level of income per capita appear to increase the likelihood of conflict and contradictions. While some commentators propound the view that the financial crisis is some sort of a self-fulfilling prophesy of the shortcomings of a market system, others see the principal cause the government interference on the normal operations of the financial markets (Kaufman, et al, 1999). As we talk about IASB, it has been making steady progress toward stabilizing and strengthening the global financial system by fortifying prudential oversight, improving risk management, promoting transparency, and reinforcing international cooperation. While confidence in the financial system has improved, more work is required to restore the soundness of some global banks balance sheets, to avoid leaving the global financial system vulnerable and restricting its ability to provide the credit needed to fuel sustainable economic growth. Research Methods Methods applied Financial crisis has been severed since the huge depression in the world economy. Due to the financial crisis, there is been very a lot of contractions in the real economy like credit losses, write downs, liquidity shocks, deflated property values etc. We can demonstrate the various huge losses due to financial crisis in four categories as: (1) U.S. loss estimates; (2) U.S. housing sector; (3)U.S. financial sector; and (4) global loss estimates. In April 2009, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approximated entire near-term universal losses on U.S. credit-related debt to be $2.7 trillion. Development predictions in 2009 are pessimistic across the board. Expenses straightaway attributable to the disaster include new spending by the federal government, including the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) ($700 billion) and the stimulus package passed in February ($787 billion). As far as housing sector is concerned, banks took benefit of less interest rates and securitization opportunities to institute relaxed lending standards that operate mortgage lending to the early part of the decade end to end. Within year 1990 and 2008, the quantity of houses in the America inflated only marginally. The total mortgage debt outstanding more than quadrupled during that same period. Increased borrowing by U.S. households was partially offset by climbing asset prices. However, there came the period, where the increased property values came to almost an end after reaching a peak in 2006, with home prices eventually dropped by 27% by 2008. The explosion of the housing bubble has almost extinguished construction and sales procedure. American landlords are also in problem, with the percentage of overdue mortgages at an all-time high while 20% of all mortgages are in a negative equity position. The financial sector is still very shaky. From 2001 to 2003, total housing mortgage-backed security (MBS) issuance almost double from $1.3 trillion to $2.7 trillion. As the MBS market frozen, the collateralized debt responsibility market took off. As the housing bubble burst, the market for these securities dried up and their values have fall. Shrinking balance sheets and shaken confidence in the financial sector have in turn weakened the demand for other types of debt, such as corporate bonds and commercial paper. At the similar time, the price of insure bank debt through credit evasion exchange has increased, dazzling investors uncertainty toward the Goodwill of banks. Forced to minimize their balance sheets to satisfy rigid capital requirements, banks have controlled lending. The result has been devastating for businesses and consumers seeking loans. Although the U.S. subprime mortgage and other domestic markets were the first to absorb the devastating effects of a bursting global asset bubble, it was only a short while before foreign markets realized similar effects. There was huge fall of 53% on Global market capitalization since its peak on October 31, 2007. The effects on the real economy are similarly striking. Global growth averaged 4.1% a year between 2000 to 2008. In March 2009, the World Economic Outlook database targeted world output to be -1.0 to -0.5%, an impressive fall from 2008, when output was 3.2%. Further losses related with the crisis originated as businesses throughout the globe were forced to write down their assets. There is been a loss of nearly $1.3 trillion since 2007. The unemployment rate gradually increased to 8.9% in March 2009, compared to just 6.7% in March 2008. The housing market throughout the world has also suffered a sharp downturn. The UK market has experienced a 17.6% downfall since 2007. Total global CDO issuance peaked in 2007 at $179 billion, but fell precipitously to just $5 billion in 2008-a 97.2% drop. So if we compare the above given data, it becomes clear that the financial crisis has become a global c oncern. Our examination or investigation into the severity of the current financial crisis serves as a critical point of reference for the analysis and recommendations set forth in this Report. Justification of applied Methods We targeted the U.S. economic, financial system as it is best viewed as an integral part of the overall global financial system. No longer can the United States modulate in a vacuum. Coordination with other national regulators and cooperation with regional and international authorities is required. This Report, however, is far more than a collection of abstract themes. Rather, we have designed the Report to serve in a clearer manner by using very broad methods to undertake our research. We have tried to evaluate the major global financial problems, which all related to and depend upon US economy. Analysis According to Moseley, F (2009) the main reasons of financial crisis are decline in rate of profit and strategies to restore rate of profit because when rate of profit went down, investors cut down the wages of employees and also downsize employees and big crisis came at that time. Many people believe that this global financial crisis came because of government regulations due to lots of relief to banks and mortgage industry this crisis came. For instance zero down payment. Evaluation Although government regulations and lack of government intrest was the reason of financial crisis but besides that the major reason of crisis was bank policies related to giving loans to people on very easy requiremnets. Limitations of Research Although we try to find as many articles, journals and books from library resources, still according to us we couldnt do it thoroughly because of Vast scope of the given issue Lack of proper resources from the library Theories applied only, which were discussed in class Sometimes information overloaded from the internet, difficult to take help from the appropriate resource Time limitation between group-mates Recommendations Following are the given recommendations for any economy worldwide. By applying these recommendations, severe global economic situations can be resolved to certain extent and world can be rescued from future economic crisis. When developing accounting standards the accounting standard setters give consideration to the potential economic and social implications of any changes During case of professional judgement, Information generated should faithfully represent underlying transactions and be neutral and verifiable Main accounting concepts and theories of various countries should be standardised. This will make easier for local companies to list on foreign stock exchanges. IASB should make accounting standards more consistent and logical, so that its get easy for every economy to adopt and apply them When world economy was declined, standard setters were in firing line. So the standard-setters should be more accountable for their decisions. One of the key objectives of financial reporting ÂÂ ­ as stated in numerous attempts to work out a conceptual framework for accounting standard setting ÂÂ ­ is to provide information that is useful in making business and economic decisions. Also the communication between standard-setters and their constituents should be enhanced. There should be more confidence in pellucidity and incorruptibility of financial reporting, which is critically important to global financial stability and sound economic growth. To develop standards of high quality and unbiased, accounting standard setters must enjoy a high degree of independence from undue commercial and political pressure, but they must also have high degree of accountability through appropriate due process, including wide engagement with stakeholders and oversight conducted in the public interest. There should be removal of the issuance of money from governments hands, because as long as government controls issuance, either directly or via their central bank proxies, they can and will manipulate it to their own political advantage. Consistent with the need of maintaining and enhancing high quality accounting standards, the Boards should use every effort to achieve converged solutions. National governments, financial market participants, and the global business community should actively support the development of a single set of high quality accounting standards. Team Participation Report We are two members in team. We had good coordination with each other throughout the research report. We both learnt lots of financial aspects from each other via this report. We had group meetings according to each others availability. We together did research for the whole report. Sometimes we had conflicts between each others different views during the report making. But we also learnt how to solve the conflicts and reach to an appropriate solution. We also didnt find any cultural problem as well. Time was the crucial aspect for both of us and we hope that we utilized it in a right manner.

The Price Of Oil, Natural Disasters, Economic Trends And...

A number of theories have emerged as to why the price of oil has taken a severe plummet since its peak in June 2014. The price of crude oil was around $115 a barrel at in June 2014. By 2015, it had fallen by more than 40% to below $70 a barrel. (Petroff) There has been exhausting speculation over this matter including reasons relating to geopolitics, natural disasters, economic trends and the lack of regulation by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC is the vicar of oil pricing, but has clearly contributed to the drastic price drop in the past year. The standard of OPEC is to ensure balance in the oil markets in order to secure a proficiently economic and steady supply of petroleum to consumers. (OPEC) In November 2014, OPEC failed to reach an agreement on setting a standard of how much petroleum each OPEC nation could produce, which essentially drove down the price of oil. If all of the countries in OPEC are not mandated to supply a fixed amount of oil, the y will produce enough to drive down the price making it comfortable for consumers and importers to buy. This has been part of the issue since the plunge began. This de-regulation creates competition because each oil-producing country wants to set the most profitable price, which requires oil production exceeding the typical OPEC standard. The plummeting prices of oil have created positive and negative effects in different industries. The transportation and industrial industry experience lowerShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of The Energy Sector1537 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation is hovering around the 7 billion mark making the demand for secure access a critical challenge. This requires a long-term balancing solution while satisfying short-term needs. 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List of Public Scandals Obama Presidency

Revenge Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare - 892 Words

The theme of Revenge has been utilized in numerous works of art throughout history, including books, plays, movies, etc. Revenge is the result of one’s desire for vengeance, however, revenge is known to be implied under high emotions of anger thus not with reason concluding with a horrible outcome. Shakespeare’s play ‘Hamlet’ is no doubt a play about a tragedy caused by revenge; Prince Hamlet’s retribution for his father, King Hamlet’s murder and Laertes vengeance for his father, Polonius’ murder. The theme of revenge in Hamlet is portrayed through various literary techniques such as foreshadowing and irony. Foreshadowing is the warning or indication that the audience receives through certain actions or phrases about a future event. Shakespeare applies foreshadowing in his play as it generates a mysterious and unpredictable atmosphere with an unsettled mindset. As early as in Act 1 Scene 2, the viewers are introduced with the line â€Å"Foul deeds will rise, though all the earth o’erwhelm them, to men’s eyes. (Line 257)†, when prince Hamlet discovers about the ‘ghost’ of King Hamlet. Revenge is represented through this line as it makes the audience contemplate on that someone is going to die or be killed afterwards in the play even though the play has just begun. Prince Hamlet’s anger is observed for the duration of the whole play. The anger itself speaks of revenge with the help of foreshadowing when Hamlet’s mother Gertrude and Step-Father/Uncle King Claudius attempt to reasonShow MoreRelatedRevenge in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1695 Words   |  7 Pagesprince is seeking revenge of his father’s murder and ultimately succeeds. Now, imagine a play with the same plot, but with young love, dramatic scenes denying this love, and true madness that leads to suicide. Which sounds better? Which would hold your attention longer? 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Claudius killed his own sibling, Hamlet s dad and assumed control overRead MoreRevenge Is An Act Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1066 Words   |  5 PagesRevenge Does Not Prevail Revenge is an act that is taken when others believe that there has been a wrongdoing to someone or something they have a relationship with. Countless people seek revenge everyday throughout the world, but Confucius once said that â€Å"before you embark on a journey of renege, dig two graves.† This quote relates to the plot of a well-known play by Shakespeare, Hamlet. This play revolves around a monarchy in Denmark in the early 17th century where there is much chaos. In the playRead MoreRevenge By William Shakespeare s Hamlet1625 Words   |  7 PagesRevenge can be defined as â€Å"the act of retaliating for wrongs received†. William Shakespeare s â€Å"Hamlet† is considered one of his greatest plays and the plot is centered on revenge. Euripides Medea also shares a theme of revenge. While both central characters have been betrayed, resulting in their impending revenge, there is more than one theme of revenge in Hamlet, and there are differences in the ways a ll decide to handle their betrayals and the outcomes of their actions. In â€Å"Hamlet,† he isRead MoreRevenge Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1265 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is a play with lots of themes one theme is revenge. There is lots of death and disease, both emotional and physical throughout the play. There is also fate throughout the play. Hamlet as well has madness, also its morals and corruptions. No one forgets of course the ‘To be or not to be’ saying where Hamlet questions his life and whether he should consider death, but many of life’s other uncertainties as well such as the death of his father and when his mother remarried to his Uncle ClaudiusRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Longing For Revenge1304 Words   |  6 PagesLonging for Revenge William Shakespeare was born in England in April of 1564 and was an English poet and playwright . Shakespeare is universally known as the greatest writer in the English language. Shakespeare frequently produced tragedies that are continuously acted out today, along with many plays and sonnets.. Although Shakespeare is seen today as a great writer who changed the world, his reputation did not rise to these heights until around the 19th century. In all of Shakespeare’s astoundingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet s Revenge1725 Words   |  7 Pages Thesis: Shakespeare s portrayal of Hamlet s revenge is not a worthy journey because he never finds his self worth, distracted between what will exemplify his purpose, and what will make him a failure in the memory of Denmark. Three quotes with analysis explaining thesis: Act 1 Scene 5 Ghost: â€Å" But know, thou noble youth, Hamlet: â€Å"Oh My Prophetic Soul! My uncle?† The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown.† The beginning of the â€Å"call to adventure -JRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet s Revenge1742 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet’s Vengeance Hamlet is one of the greatest literary works that has the innate ability to transcend time with the study of the human condition. William Shakespeare investigates themes of revenge, morality, sex, and familial complexities that entangle us all at one point and time. Shakespeare story of Hamlet gives us one of our first tragic heroes in modern literary history. In his quest for revenge for his father’s death we also see the systematic decline and lapses into madness that willRead MoreAbstract: Hamlet of William Shakespeare Tragedy Revenge2100 Words   |  9 PagesThesis: In the play, Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare is described as a tragedy of revenge, through psychological origins of revenge, the styles of revenge during that period and the structure of Elizabethan revenge tragedies. This article, Shakespeare and Psychoanalysis: Tragic Alternatives: Eros and Superego Revenge in Hamlet., written by Joanna Montgomery Byes focuses on the psychological origins of revenge and in what part does the socialized and/or individual superego play in creatingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Revenge Tragedy1777 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Hamlet was written as a revenge tragedy. This play was written by Shakespeare between 1599 and 1602; no one is exactly certain about the date Hamlet was written (Hunt 2). The protagonist of this play is a prince named Hamlet; he is a prince of Denmark. Hamlet’s father was killed by his uncle Claudius, who became king afterwards. Not only did Claudius become king of Denmark, he took Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, as his wife. This play is the longest of all Shakespeare’s plays

How Was Your Interest In Social Work Developed. I Have

How was your interest in social work developed? I have had many different experiences which have cultivate my interest in the social work profession. My experience is the very personal story of growing up in a â€Å"middle class† family and watching my parents struggle with limited resources. My brother was born with cerebral palsy and has on several occasions stopped breathing. His condition required numerous hospitalizations and surgeries. While this was hard enough six years later I was born, 3 months early the result of a drunk driver hitting my mother’s car and was most likely not going to survive. When I was two years old finally meeting milestones and a seemingly healthy baby my father got a call about his nephew. A boy that no one†¦show more content†¦When I was in high school I was still very unsure about pursuing a career in social work. Everyone around me was asking questions like â€Å"How much will you make?† or â€Å"What is the job outlook?† and making statements like â€Å"We ll you better not plan on making much money at that!† I felt very unsure, growing up in a family that never had much, about getting a degree that didn’t have many financial prospects. When I was a senior I meet Mrs.Goostree, Goose for short. She taught Jobs for Illinois Graduate a program that help high school seniors build team leading and communication skills for the future. It has since been cut from the state budget but had an enormous impact on my life and my future. I was able to volunteer and learn that money, while it is great, isn’t everything. Goose taught me that I should do something because I love it regardless of the financial outlook. She would always say that she never worked a day in her life because she loved going to work and was passionate about her job. This is a lesson that has stuck with me through the years. She taught me to â€Å"Be the first penguin† and never be afraid of failure because it is sometimes the biggest learning oppor tunity; she acquire this lesson from Randy Pausch’s Last Lecture, a book that was a staple of our classroom and gave everyone a new outlook on life and the future. She is someone who hates compliments she is amazingly humble and would cringe at the thought of beingShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Education Program Models1115 Words   |  5 PagesYour task is to select one of the early childhood education program models from the list below to analyze in depth 1) Montessori 2) High/Scope: I choose from the list of education program models the High/Scope Curriculum model to analyze. 3) Waldorf 4) Bank Street 5) Reggio Emilia For the model reviewed, answer the following questions in the outline format below. 1) Description of the model: The program focuses on the development of the wholeRead MoreHow to Write an Sop for Grad School1587 Words   |  7 PagesHOW TO WRITE A WINNING STATEMENT OF PURPOSE FOR A GRADUATE SCHOOL Compiled by Shoukat Iqbal Khattak Faculty Member Bahria University of Management Sciences-Karachi campus E-mail: shoukat.iqbal@bimcs.edu.pk Developed Created by Anthony O. Okobi using: STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Table of Content 1. Introduction: What, Why and How of Statement ofRead MoreComparing The Eq I And The Strong Interest Inventory Assessments1733 Words   |  7 PagesEQ-i and the Strong Interest Inventory assessments. EQ-i stands for emotional quotient inventory. The EQ-i was developed to assess emotion and social intelligence of people. Taking the EQ-i assessment helps many people determine what their strengths when dealing with things pertaining to stress, work ethic, and emotions that will affect the way they act and their success in the working world. The Strong Interest Inventory is used in career assessment. It gives insight on a person’s interests, soRead MoreI Am An International Student From India1445 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficulties have you dealt with in coming to college and/or in your life here at Knox? Have you been able to overcome these difficulties? How so? What difficulties are you currently coping with? I am an international student from India. I spent tw o years at an international residential school. After graduating from high school, I was exploring my options of going to college in North America and I went on to finalize Knox College. During my freshman year fall term in 2014, I was under the impressionRead MoreI Want For A Junior Division Course Once You Enroll At The University Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribe how you have prepared for your intended major, including your readiness to succeed in your upper-division courses once you enroll at the university. ================== All throughout my life I’ve been a deeply curious person; wondering who we are, as human beings. What motivates us to act? How do we communicate or form society? Why do we do the things we do? ================== Granted, I wouldn’t have articulated my curiosity in this way, for much of my life. But the interest was alwaysRead MoreI Am Not For Writing My Thoughts1749 Words   |  7 PagesI am not that good with words, so I tried writing my thoughts. It is a bit awkward writing like this. There are a few things I wanted to say. It has recently come to my attention that you may have some problems. You might pretend like you do not know what I am talking about, so let me lay it out specifically for you: your lack of motivation and your fixed mindset in some areas of your life are undermining your potential. Fortunately, there are some solutions that might work for you which I foundRead MoreMy Aspiration For A Technical Career936 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Science STATEMENT OF PURPOSE I am a person who has always had a profound passion and fascination for areas requiring an analytical approach. Right from early days at school, Mathematics has intrigued me. The most challenging of all problems were my favorites and obtaining solutions to them would leave me with a sheer feeling of ecstasy. I always did and always would thrive on solving the most challenging problems. 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Similarities In Cognitive Development Education Essay Free Essays

Cognitive development is defined as the countries of neuroscience and psychological science surveies, concentrating on stripling development with particular concentrating on information processing, linguistic communication acquisition, conceptual resources, perceptual accomplishment, and encephalon development. Jean Piaget and Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky were two innovators in the field of cognitive development. With this essay I will compare and contrast each theoretician ‘s positions on the nature or development of intelligence. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities In Cognitive Development Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I shall besides compare their positions on the phases of development from birth through adolescence. And eventually I will integrate possible schoolroom applications of each theoretician ‘s positions. Piaget believed that all kids are born with a inclination to interact with and do sense of their environment and that they need small instructor intercession. He referred to the basic ways of forming and treating information as cognitive constructions. He defined the mental forms that guide behavior as strategies, and he theorized that we use strategies to happen out approximately and interact with the universe around us. Piaget ‘s theory consisted of stairss in the development of new strategies of cognitive development referred to as version of seting strategies in response to a new object being introduced in our environment. The first measure in version if called assimilation, or seeking to understand the new object or event in our environment from known strategy, and if the new object does non suit into an bing strategy, the person will travel into adjustment where they modify an bing strategy to suit the new state of affairs. Finally the individual will make an apprehension of the new object, this procedure of reconstructing a balance between current strategies and the integrating of the new strategies is known as equilibration. Piaget theory of rational development is a constructivism position, where persons build systems of understanding through their experiences and interaction with in their environment, proposing that development came before acquisition, that specific cognitive constructions need to be developed before certain types of acquisition can take topographic point. Like Piaget, Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development takes topographic point in stairss that are the same for all persons. Vygotsky theorized the first measure in rational development is larning that action and sounds have intending. Second, that measure in cognitive development was practising the new action or sound. And eventually, utilizing the actions and sounds to believe and work out jobs without the aid of others, referred to by Vygotsky as self-regulation. Differences in Cognitive Development While Piaget believed that rational development was extremely personal, and that persons learned from experiences instead than the instruction of constructs and idea procedures, Vygotsky believed that larning development was a societal procedure straight linked to the instruction of information, and that larning proceeded development. Vygotsky theorized that linguistic communication was the key to cognitive development, and acquisition was influenced by the civilization of the person. He believed that a kid foremost incorporated the address on others into their personal cognition and patterns it, known as private address, and subsequently they used this â€Å" private address † in attempts to work out undertakings. Vygotsky redefined this theory into what we now know as The Zone of Proximal Development. ( ZDP ) defines rational development as the ability to utilize thought to command our ain actions, but first we must get the hang cultural communicating systems, and so utilize these to systems to modulate our idea processes. Children larning with in the ( ZPD ) work on undertakings that they could non finish entirely, but were able to complete with the aid of and competent teacher. These docile minutes demonstrate Vygotsky theory that larning proceeded development, and that concerted acquisition promotes advance larning. His theory defined linguistic communication as a manner to go through on cultural values and that learning linguistic communication was the medium needed to develop cognitive idea procedures. Similarities of the Stages of Development Both Piaget and Vygotsky were stage theoretician, intending they both believe that development takes topographic point in discernible phases. Piaget ‘s theory was that development took topographic point in four phases. -The first phase for Piaget ‘s theory was the sensorimotor phase ( from birth – age 2 ) where the kid explores the universe utilizing their 5 senses and motor accomplishments. Children are born with what is described as automatic motor accomplishments, suction, appreciation, ECT. During early development, the kid uses these accomplishments to pull strings the universe and develops strategies from these experiences in a patterned advance toward purposive behaviour approaching the terminal of this phase of development. -Piaget ‘s 2nd phase is Preoperational phase ( 2yrs-7yrs ) He believed that kids in this phase of development would n’t hold mastered the ability of more complex mental operations ; kids do non hold the ability to ground through their actions. They are considered egoistic, and presume others agree with their points of position. During this phase kids lack preservation accomplishments ; they do non understand that the sum of something remains the same when the visual aspect has been rearranged. And they have non developed reversible thought or taking a job back to its get downing point. -Developmental phase three is the Concrete Operational Stage ( 7-11 ) In this phase the kid is get downing to accomplish comprehension of abstract constructs. The kid is get downing to understand preservation, position and contrary thought. The kid is capable of systematic ordination and able to group objects consequently. The kid is get downing to multitask in their idea procedures. -And Finally, The Formal Operational phase Age ( 11 to early-adult ) By this phase the individual has accomplished abstract think procedures. They have developed conjectural and deductive logical thinking. They have the ability to conceive of state of affairss and ground best solution rules. They are now capable of meta-cognition or able to believe about thought. Vygotsky ‘s phase theory of development was known as Scaffolding. In Scaffolding, First a wise man starts with supplying the kid with a high degree of support, such as one-on-one direction, leting the kid clip to develop an apprehension of the constructs being presented. Next the wise man starts to scale back the support leting the kid to take on more of the duty of the undertaking. And eventually, when the kid understands the aim of the undertaking the wise man stairss aside leting the kid to execute the undertaking on their ain, showing the comprehension of the cognition set gained. Differences in Stages of Development Piaget ‘s theory of the phases of development, focal point on development is necessary before larning can take topographic point, and that interaction with one ‘s environment is more of import to development than mentored direction. This position is really age oriented and ridged in its lineation and expatiations of kid development. Where Vygotsky views acquisition as the processor to development. That linguistic communication, civilization and mentoring are all of import facets of the acquisition procedure that will assist the single develop successfully. Similarities in Classroom Application Piaget ‘s and Vygotsky theories have similar applications for the schoolroom scene ; first Piaget wants the teacher must concentrate on the procedure of kid believing seeking to understand how the kid can up with the reply, and non merely the merchandise or solution to the job, deemphasize patterns aimed at doing kids make grownup like determinations, and have the teacher acknowledge the differences in single developmental advancement. Vygotsky ‘s theory in a similar manner, topographic points accent on the kid ‘s thought procedure, with the teacher understanding the kids ‘s single developmental advancement. As a instructor I can utilize these theories to develop category room techniques that focus on the pupils as persons, and I ‘ll seek to understand their degree of development so that I do non coerce the pupil to run into criterions that are non sensible given their province of apprehension and cognitive development. Differences In schoolroom Application Piaget ‘s theory wants the teacher to promote the pupil ‘s into self-initiation and active acquisition activities which take the accent away structured cognition and encourages the pupil to research and construct on current degrees on cognitive cognition. This differs from Vygotsky theory, which advises the instructor to supply planned activities, and promote pupils to take part in planned group activities, which encourage them to larn in construction environments which encourage high degrees of mentored direction. With an option of the two theories, I think I ‘ll lodge to a more Vygotsky signifier of lesson planning. I believe that pupils can make good with manus on actives, yet I believe that if the Instructor does non supply the pupil with construction the pupils do non develop at a rate that allow them to command themselves in a schoolroom scene, and that construction gives the pupil counsel and sets outlooks for the pupils, that give the pupils ends to endeavor for. How to cite Similarities In Cognitive Development Education Essay, Essay examples

Kolkata Knight Riders free essay sample

Kolkata Knight Riders opening batsman Brendon McCullum scored 158 runs in the first match, which is a record for the highest runs ever scored by a batsman in a Twenty-20 match. [3] However, the team started experiencing failures and lost consecutive four matches. The team managed to stage a comeback of sorts by winning next three matches based on strong performances by Sourav Ganguly and Shoaib Akhtar. But their performance dipped again and lost next three matches, which included their match against Mumbai Indians, in which they were bowled out for 67 runs, the lowest score by a team in IPL 2008 season. ] When their match against Delhi Daredevils was washed out due to rain, they lost any chance of making it to the semifinals. [5] The Knight Riders ended their season on a winning note by defeating Kings Xl Punjab on their home ground. [edit] Controversy There were reports of a rift between Shahrukh Khan and Sourav Ganguly over various issues such as team composition, Gangulys choice o f batting first in the game against Chennai Super Kings, entertainment tax being imposed for matches played at Eden Gardens (Shahrukh reportedly wanted Ganguly to speak to the West Bengal Chief Minister, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya about it, which was refused by Ganguly). We will write a custom essay sample on Kolkata Knight Riders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [6] It was also reported that Shahrukh Khan bestowed more powers to John Buchanan including giving him full powers to select the team for the following year which was not liked by Ganguly. [6] However, the team management issued a statement that the reports of a possible rift are untrue. [7] Shahrukh Khan was further barred by the International Cricket Council Anti- Corruption Unit from entering the dressing room of the team when matches were in progress. Shahrukh Khan then issued a statement that he would be boycotting the uthorities. 8] There were also speculations that Kolkata Knight Riders will shift its base from Kolkata to Ahmedabad because of the money demanded by the C. A. B. But after a meeting with Jagmohan Dalmiya, Shah Rukh Khan assured everyone that his team will stay in Kolkata. [edit] Financial Financially, the Kolkata Knight Riders were easily the most successful franchise in the IPL, achieving a profit of Rs. 13 crore. [9] [edit] 2009 IPL Season [edit] Players Kolka ta Knight Riders was among the least active franchises during the offseason, with no player trades. However, the team signed Mohnish Parmar during the ffseason and also re-signed AJantha Mendis to a long term deal. The most notable personnel move for Knight Riders came during the 2009 IPL Auction, where the team signed Bangladesh fast bowler Mashrafe Mortaza. [edit] Controversy The rift between Sourav Ganguly and Shahrukh Khan took a new turn as Ganguly was removed from the captaincy in the 1 lth hour and replaced by Brendon McCullum. Rumours are that John Buchanan wanted Ganguly out. First, he floated a series of theories discussing multiple-captains before Ganguly was removed. Soon thereafter, a blog popped up on the web whose author is an anonymous blogger, ho claims to be a member of the team and seems determined to reveal every team secret, warts and all. The posts describe what the blogger claims are team meetings, arguments between staff and team members, post-match parties and pre-match strategy. [10] [edit] Cheer Leaders They were the first team in IPL to select their cheer leaders by a talent hunt show called Knights and Angels, Judged by Sourav Ganguly and Guest Star and hosted by Bollywood actor Purab Kohli.

The Nine Tailors Commentary free essay sample

In this passage from The Nine Tailors by Dorothy L. Sayers, Wimsey, the main character, climbs up a bell- ­? tower and endures the deafening vexatious shrills of the bells. The clangor from the bells causes him extreme amounts of pain and suffering. Throughout the passage, Wimsey struggles to keep the noise from harming him as he tries to climb up the belfry. Sayers portrays Wimsey’s painful situation with the use of vivid auditory imagery regarding the deafening noise of the bells and with the use of personification to amplify the magnitude of the destructive force of the bells. She is as well able to create an apprehensive and menacing  mood in the passage with enumeration to mimic the incessant violent nature of the bells and with an uneven paragraph structure to convey tension and to slow down the narrative of the story. All throughout the passage, Sayers adds life and substance to the bellicose sounds using vivid auditory imagery to create a chaotic and violent scene while portraying Wimsey’s state of pain as he climbs the ladder using. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nine Tailors Commentary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The use of personification enlivens the violent sound making way for its devastating toll on Wimsey. The bell- ­? tower reaches and exceeds its limit and becomes supersaturated, â€Å"drenched and drunken with noise. † Sayers  personifies the tower as the noise makes it â€Å"stagger like a drunken man†(Sayers 6- ­? 7) turning into a completely mindless belligerent being far off from its normal state. Sayers writes of the â€Å"brazen fury of the bells† (Sayers 4- ­? 5) assaulting Wimsey’s ears as he first enters the bell- ­? chamber. An impudent chaotic barrage of noise stuns Wimsey before he even begins climbing the last ladder. The â€Å"unendurable shrill clangour†(l. 16) creates the auditory image of an unrelenting high- ­? pitched resonating sound. The sound then escapes the realm of simple noise and crosses into the category of shear pain as wimsey’s â€Å"ear- ­? drums were  cracking. †(l. 14) Any attempt to block the pain proves futile as the clamor overpowers Wimsey rendering him weak against such violent forces. Sayers compares the noise to a â€Å"sword in the brain†(l. 10), as though the poignant noise slowly pierces his skull. Whether â€Å"pieced through and buffeted† (l. 8) or â€Å"head dizzy[ing] and stomach retch[ing]†(l. 21), Wimsey succumbs and falls victim to the noise. In addition, the pain has a psychological effect on the character as his â€Å"senses swam away†(l. 14- ­? Michael Abushacra English SL 15) and he seems lost in time on the ladder barraged by pure incessant noise. One sense, his hearing, receives so much information, that all other senses seem to dull away and leave him incapacitated. The noise and pain also causes a loss of understanding when Wimsey â€Å"felt rather than stepped†(l. 25) onto the roof. Stunned, he cannot distinguish his actions rather he just feels with one of his last conscious senses. Wimsey’s exposure to the noise simply underlines his weakness in the passage proving how an inanimate force causes him so much pain and suffering. It is also worthy to note the significance of the last sentence in the passage. Originally, the â€Å"demoniac clangor†(l. 26) and torment fill the bell tower yet externally, the noise â€Å"transmute[s]†Ã‚  into a harmony. The idea of ambiguity of external beauty arises in sound or aesthetics and whether that beauty mimics internally. What sounds or looks beautiful on the exterior may be infinitely worse on the interior. Since the effect of the noise takes such a toll on Wimsey, Sayers builds tension in and leading up to the torment while also slowing down the narrative during his painful endeavor using progression of events, enumeration and an uneven paragraph structure. Tensions build before and after Wimsey enters the bell chamber creating a constant crescendo of events. As Wimsey makes his way to the bell chamber, he â€Å"pass[es] sweating  ringers†(l. 2- ­? 3) or the mechanisms of the bell- ­? chamber. The idea of â€Å"sweat† builds tension and foreshadows the impending entrance into the bell- ­? chamber. Sayers creates a sense of escalation before Wimsey enters the bell- ­? chamber through the mention of sweat or anxiety and then the rapid â€Å"brazen fury of the bells†(l. 4- ­? 5) that falls onto his ears as soon as his head rises into the chamber. Once Wimsey enters the chamber, tensions build as he â€Å"clings desperately to the ladder†(l. 8) and then feels the blood â€Å"swelling†(l. 11) in his head to a â€Å"bursting- ­? point†(l. 11) until he finally feels his â€Å"ear- ­? drums†(l. 14) cracking. The obvious crescendo of events unfolds as Sayers goes on to depicts the shear pain Wimsey endures. Moreover, the effect of the noise slows down the narrative as Sayers puts more emphasis on Wimsey’s physical and psychological torment. Sayers breaks down the moment when Wimsey climbs the ladder and elaborately expresses the chaos and violence. An uneven paragraph structure causes and Michael Abushacra English SL emphasized this breakdown in narrative. In the first shorter paragraph, the narrative is more fluid as Wimsey makes his way past the sweating ringers, â€Å"climb[s] again†(l. 3) and the noise falls upon him yet not to its full effect. On the contrary, in the second paragraph Sayer’s expresses the full effects of the noise on Wimsey which translates into a larger section of text containing and taking advantage of the multiple auditory images and personifications mentioned earlier. In this paragraph, Sayers utilizes the idea of enumeration or the listing of multiple effects the sound has on the poor boy while writing: â€Å"a grinding, bludgeoning, ran- ­? dan, crazy, intolerable torment. † (l. 13) This enumeration elongates the narrative and adds a sense of redundancy tying into the fact that the bells ring at such a repetitive manner, much like the high pitched sustained  shrill mentioned earlier. The consequential effect the bells have on Wimsey makes him unable to move and incapacitated by their loud violent nature, therefore slowing down the narrative and extending the paragraph size. After the ordeal, Wimsey exits the chamber onto the roof and the pace of the narrative picks up although remnants of the torment linger and are still present. Sayers clearly portrays Wimsey’s dire and painful situation climbing the bell tower through vivid auditory imagery and personification. Not only do the bells stun Wimsey but they also break down the narrative and extend the paragraph structure. A single moment  freezes as Sayers elongates and dissects it to reveal the multiple effects the bells have on Wimsey. The idea of a religious undertone to this passage also exists. The mentioning of â€Å"demoniac†(l. 26), â€Å"assault of devils†(l. 16) and â€Å"sank back into the pit†(l. 26) ironically refers to hell when many bell towers are located on churches or places of worship. The sound retreats back into the tower resembling the devil retreating back into hell. Although religion is not prevalent throughout the entire passage, the idea of the sound becoming a physical force and harming somebody depicts a divine connection between the inanimate and the living.

Battle of Fort Henry in the Civil War

Battle of Fort Henry in the Civil War The Battle of Fort Henry took place February 6, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and was one of the first actions of  Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grants campaign in Tennessee. With the start of the Civil War, Kentucky declared neutrality and stated it would align against the first side to violate its territory. This occurred on September 3, 1861, when Confederate Major General Leonidas Polk directed troops under Brigadier General Gideon J. Pillow to occupy Columbus, KY on the Mississippi River. Responding to the Confederate incursion, Grant took the initiative and dispatched Union troops to secure Paducah, KY at the mouth of the Tennessee River two days later.   A Wide Front As events were unfolding in Kentucky, General Albert Sidney Johnston received orders on September 10 to assume command of all Confederate forces in the west. This required him to defend a line extending from the Appalachian Mountains west to the frontier. Lacking sufficient troops to hold the entirety of this distance, Johnston was compelled to disperse his men into smaller armies and attempt to defend those areas through which Union troops were likely to advance. This cordon defense saw him order Brigadier General Felix Zollicoffer to hold the area around the Cumberland Gap in the east with 4,000 men while in the west, Major General Sterling Price defended Missouri with 10,000 men. The center of the line was held by Polks large command which, due to Kentuckys neutrality earlier in the year, was based closer to the Mississippi. To the north, an additional 4,000 men led by Brigadier General Simon B. Buckner held Bowling Green, KY. To further protect central Tennessee, construction of two forts had commenced earlier in 1861. These were Forts Henry and Donelson which guarded the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers respectively. The locations for the forts were determined by Brigadier General Daniel S. Donelson and while the placement for the fort bearing his name was sound, his choice for Fort Henry left much to be desired. Construction of Fort Henry An area of low, swampy ground, the location of Fort Henry provided a clear field of fire for two miles down the river but was dominated by hills on the far shore. Though many officers opposed the location, construction on the five-sided fort began with slaves and the 10th Tennessee Infantry providing the labor. By July 1861, guns were being mounted in the forts walls with eleven covering the river and six protecting the landward approaches. Named  for Tennessee Senator Gustavus Adolphus Henry Sr., Johnston had desired to give command of the forts to Brigadier General Alexander P. Stewart but was overruled by Confederate President Jefferson Davis who instead selected Maryland native Brigadier General Lloyd Tilghman in December.  Assuming his post, Tilghman saw Fort Henry reinforced with a smaller fortification, Fort Heiman, which was constructed on the opposite bank. In addition, efforts were made to place torpedoes (naval mines) in the shipping channel near the fort. Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General Ulysses S. GrantFlag Officer Andrew Foote15,000 men7 ships Confederate Brigadier General Lloyd Tilghman3,000-3,400 Grant and Foote Move As the Confederates worked to complete the forts, Union commanders in the west were under pressure from President Abraham Lincoln to take offensive action. While Brigadier General George H. Thomas defeated Zollicoffer at the Battle of Mills Springs in January 1862, Grant was able to secure permission for a thrust up the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Advancing with around 15,000 men in two divisions led Brigadier Generals John McClernand and Charles F. Smith, Grant was supported by Flag Officer Andrew Footes Western Flotilla of four ironclads and three timberclads (wooden warships). A Swift Victory Pressing up the river, Grant and Foote elected to strike at Fort Henry first. Arriving in the vicinity on February 4, Union forces began going ashore with McClernands division landing north of Fort Henry while Smiths men landed on the western shore to neutralize Fort Heiman. As Grant moved forward, Tilghmans position had become tenuous due to the forts poor location. When the river was at normal levels, the forts walls stood around twenty feet high, but heavy rains had led water levels to rise dramatically flooding the fort. As a result, only nine of the forts seventeen guns were usable. Realizing that the fort could not be held, Tilghman ordered Colonel Adolphus Heiman to lead the bulk of the garrison to the east to Fort Donelson and abandoned Fort Heiman. By February 5, only a party of gunners and Tilghman remained. Approaching Fort Henry the next day, Footes gunboats advanced with the ironclads in the lead. Opening fire, they exchanged shots with the Confederates for around seventy-five minutes. In the fighting, only USS Essex suffered meaningful damage when a shot hit its boiler as the low trajectory of the Confederate fire played into the strength of the Union gunboats armor. Aftermath With the Union gunboats closing and his fire largely ineffective, Tilghman decided to surrender the fort. Due to the flooded nature of the fort, a boat from the fleet was able to row directly into the fort to take Tilghman to USS Cincinnati. A boost to Union morale, the capture of Fort Henry saw Grant capture 94 men. Confederate losses in the fighting numbered around 15 killed and 20 wounded. Union casualties totaled around 40, with the majority aboard USS Essex. The capture of the fort opened the Tennessee River to Union warships. Quickly taking advantage, Foote dispatched his three timberclads to raid upstream. Gathering his forces, Grant began moving his army the twelve miles to Fort Donelson on February 12. Over the next several days, Grant won the Battle of Fort Donelson and capturing over 12,000 Confederates. The twin defeats at Forts Henry and Donelson knocked a gaping hole in Johnstons defensive line and opened Tennessee to Union invasion. Large-scale fighting would resume in April when Johnston attacked Grant at the Battle of Shiloh.

Do You Agree With the View that Television Programme Makers essays

Do You Agree With the View that Television Programme Makers essays Do you agree with the view that television programme makers are guilty of dumbing I do not believe that television programme makers are guilty of dumbing down. How could this be the truth when it seems the mass audience are asking for the general takeover of the retailable drivel that is reality TV shows, trailer trash and the new addition, victim television. With shows such as big brother, survivor and jackass pulling in the ratings what are television makers supposed to produce. Why make brilliant groundbreaking television shows when putting 10 people in a house together and filming it will do? People may complain about this new wave of television from the armchair but there is very few who refuse to watch it, which get home and would rather watch newsnight in a choice between the two. On the flipside Mark Thompson, the director of television for the BBC believes that, almost every generation believes that the worlds going to the dogs and things arent what they used to be. We have the most educated population the UK has ever had. Its all too easily said wi th his payroll. But the truth is, what is he really going to admit to. That the programmes hes accepting to be billed are only regurgitated mixtures of proven crowd pleasers. And also are we more educated because we are just getting smarter, or due to better television. Id disagree with the latter. Although if he truly believes this, the viewing future seems nothing to look forward to. Unless of course your daily injection of media nutrition comes form the format of radio, as this seems to be the only form of entertainment truly moving in leaps and bounds. The newspaper, used for centuries by millions worldwide to digest whats going on not only on your doorstep, but around the world. It seems even at this lowest form of media, the written word. It has only grown in popularity and indefinitely in numbers. But go ...

Apple company Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple company - Research Proposal Example Server computers followed in the form of the Workgroup Server 80 and the Workgroup Server 95. The LC 520 was launched as a home computer. Further launches included the Performa 520, the Powerbook145B, and the first active-matrix 256 color screen PowerBook 180c. Other new product launches included the low cost audio Macs Centris 660av and Quadra 840av. The PowerBook Duo product line was further extended through the launch of Duo 250 and the Duo 270c (O’Grady, 78-84). This book gives information on the developments that occurred in Apple Inc. in the latter half of the 1990s. This information is useful in understanding that in spite of the frenetic product launches in the early 1990s, market share in the personal computer market dwindled towards the end of the twentieth century. This web page provides information on the developments at Apple Company during the first half of the first decade of the New Millennium. It provides the important information of new products along with the significant iPod. This book provides information on the numerous products launches that took place from Apple Company in the early have of the 1990s. This helps to understand the pace of product development at Apple Company in the

Microeconomics (EC2021C) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics (EC2021C) - Essay Example This paper focuses on the costs of a rise in minimum wage, the benefits of a rise in minimum wage and finally the effect of a rise in the minimum wage when the labor market is monopsonistic. The paper discusses the effect of this rise on the supply and demand curve on labor, effect on price, effect on the standard of living and how this increase will lead to unemployment and increased outsourcing in other lower minimum wage countries. We first analyze the effect of an increase in minimum wage rates on the supply and the demand for labor in a competitive market, in a competitive market demand increases when wages decline and demand declines when wage rates increase. Supply of labor increases when the wage rates rise, and that supply of labor decline when wage rates are reduced, therefore an increase in minimum wage rates will increase supply and reduce demand. From the above chart an increase in the minimum wage will lead to an increase in the supply of labor, the rationale behind this increase is because as minimum wage increase then more workers will be willing and also encouraged to work more labor hours and therefore supply of labor will increase. Considering that labor is factor of production ... t labor is factor of production and that firms will consider labor as a production cost then if the cost of labor increases then firms will demand less of labor, this can also be explained by the fact that firms will determine the optimal production point using the budget line and the isoquants, therefore an increase in cost of labor will lead to substitution of labor for capital and therefore less labor will be demanded, the diagram below demonstrates the effect of this increase on labor demand: From the above diagram it is evident that an increase in minimum wage will lead to a decline in the demand for labor, therefore this will result into less employment in an economy. Benefits of increased minimum wage: Standard of living: An increase in minimum wage will result into an increase in living standards, workers will now be paid higher wage rates and for this reason there will be a rise in living standards, this will be realized because workers will now have a larger disposable income and therefore can afford more in the economy. Motivation of workers: Workers in the economy will be more motivated, according to various studies increased wages result into increased motivation and therefore increased productivity of labor, when productivity of labor increases then the firm will benefit because the firm becomes more productive. Economic growth will also be realized due to increased productivity of laborers in the economy and therefore higher growth. Increased consumption: When minimum wage is increased consumers will experience a rise in their income, a rise in the income level also signifies a rise in the consumer disposable income, therefore as disposable income increases there will be a rise in the consumption levels in an economy. This will benefit the economy

Integrated Marketing Communications

Integrated Marketing Communications Introduction Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is a development of current and customary strategies of marketing, to upgrade the correspondence of a steady message passing on the organizations brands to partners. Coupling different strategies together is added value in making successful correspondence as it tackles the individual advantages of each channel, which when consolidated together forms a clearer and greater effect than if utilized exclusively. To have the capacity to make progress through IMC, advertisers will recognize the limits around the promotional mix components and how the adequacy of the campaign message will be gotten a handle on by the gathering of people. Discussion Integrated Marketing Communications is a basic concept. It guarantees that all types of communications and messages are deliberately connected together. At its most fundamental level, Integrated Marketing Communications, or IMC, as well call it, implies coordinating all the limited time instruments, so they cooperate in agreement. Promotions is one of the Ps in the marketing mix. Promotion has its own blend of specialized tools. These specialized instruments work better in the event that they cooperate in amicability as opposed to in disconnection. Their entirety is more noteworthy than their parts furnishing they talk reliably with one voice constantly, unfailingly. This is upgraded when coordination goes past simply the essential specialized devices. There are different levels of coordination, for example, Horizontal, Vertical, Internal, External and Data joining. Here is the way they help to reinforce Integrated Communications. Brand Communication and Integrated Marketing Brand communication is an activity taken by associations to make their products and services famous among the end-clients. Brand communication goes far in promoting products and services among target buyers. The procedure includes recognizing people who are most appropriate to the buy of items or administrations (likewise called target customers) and advancing the brand among them through any of the accompanying means: Advertising Sales Promotion Public Relation Direct Marketing Personal Selling Social media, and so on Integrated marketing communication alludes to coordinating every one of the strategies for brand advancement to advance a specific item or administration among target clients. In incorporated showcasing correspondence, all parts of promoting correspondence cooperate for expanded deals and most extreme cost adequacy. Components of Integrated Marketing Communications The Foundation As the name recommends, this stage includes detailed examination of both the product and also target market. It is fundamental for advertisers to comprehend the brand, its offerings and end-clients. You have to know the necessities, states of mind and desires of the objective clients. Keep a close watch on contenders exercises. The Corporate Culture The elements of items and administrations should be in accordance with the work culture of the association. Each association has a vision and its imperative for the advertisers to remember the same before planning items and administrations. Give a chance to comprehend it with the assistance of a case. Association As vision is to advance green and clean world. Normally its items should be eco benevolent and biodegradable, in lines with the vision of the association. Brand Focus Brand Focus speaks to the corporate personality of the brand. Purchaser Experience Marketers need to concentrate on shopper encounter which alludes to what the clients feel about the item. A buyer is probably going to get an item which has great bundling and looks appealing. Items need to meet and surpass client desires. Communication Tools Communication devices incorporate different methods of advancing a specific brand, for example, publicizing, coordinate offering, advancing through web-based social networking, for example, Facebook, twitter, Orkut et cetera. Promotional Tools Brands are advanced through different special devices, for example, exchange advancements, individual offering et cetera. Associations need to reinforce their association with clients and outer customers. Integrated Tools Organizations need to keep a customary track on client criticisms and audits. You need particular programming like client relationship administration (CRM) which helps in measuring the adequacy of different coordinated advertising specialized instruments. Incorporated advertising correspondence empowers all parts of showcasing combine to work in congruity to advance a specific item or administration successfully among end-clients. Benefits of Integrated Marketing Communications Albeit Integrated Marketing Communications requires a considerable measure of efforts, it conveys many advantages. It can give competitive advantage, help sales and benefits, while sparing cash, time and stress. IMC wraps correspondences around clients and helps them travel through the different phases of the purchasing procedure. The association all the while combines its image, builds up a discourse and supports its association with clients. This Relationship Marketing concretes an obligation of devotion with clients which can shield them from the inescapable issue of competition. The capacity to keep a client forever is an intense competitive advantage. IMC additionally expands benefits through expanded viability. At its most essential level, a brought together message has more effect than an incoherent heap of messages. In a busy world, a predictable, and perfectly clear message has a superior shot of slicing through the commotion of more than five hundred business messages which hits clients every single day. At another level, introductory research proposes that images partook in promoting and regular postal mail help both publicizing mindfulness and mail shot reactions. So IMC can help deals by extending messages over a few specialized devices to make more roads for clients to wind up distinctly mindful, stimulated, and at last, to make a purchase. Integrated messages additionally help purchasers by giving convenient updates, refreshed data and exceptional offers which, when displayed in an arranged succession, help them move serenely through the phases of their purchasing procedure and this lessens their hopelessness of decision in a mind boggling and occupied world. IMC additionally makes messages more reliable and in this manner more strong. Office expenses are lessened by utilizing a individual organization for all correspondences and regardless of the possibility that there are a few offices, time is spared when gatherings unite every one of the offices for briefings, imaginative sessions, strategic or key arranging. This lessens workload and consequent anxiety levels one of the many advantages of IMC. Barriers Regardless of its many advantages, Integrated Marketing Communications, or IMC, has numerous barriers. Notwithstanding the standard imperviousness to change and the unique issues of speaking with a wide assortment of target gatherings of people, there are numerous different hindrances which limit IMC. These include: Functional Silos; Stifled Creativity; Time Scale Conflicts and an absence of Management know-how. Take useful storehouses. Unbending hierarchical structures are swarmed with managers who secure both their financial plans and their energy base. Tragically, some hierarchical structures detach correspondences, information, and even supervisors from each other. For instance the PR sector frequently doesnt answer to promoting. The business drive seldom meet the publicizing or deals advancement individuals et cetera. And the greater part of this can be exasperated by turf wars or interior power fights where particular managers oppose having some of their choices (and spending plans) decided or even affected by somebody from another department. IMC can confine imagination. Not any more wild and wacky deals advancements unless they fit into the general showcasing interchanges procedure. The delight of uncontrolled inventiveness might be smothered, however the innovative test might be more prominent and at last all the more fulfilling when working inside a more tightly, incorporated, imaginative brief. Include diverse time scales into an inventive brief and youll see Time Horizons give one more hindrance to IMC. For instance, picture publicizing, intended to sustain the brand over the more drawn out term, may strife with shorter term promoting or deals advancements intended to lift quarterly deals. However the two targets can be suited inside a general IMC if precisely arranged. However, this sort of arranging is not normal. A review in 1995, uncovered that most directors need mastery in IMC. Be that as it may, its chiefs, as well as organizations. There is a multiplication of single train offices. There give off an impression of being not very many individuals who have genuine experience of all the promoting correspondences disciplines. This absence of know how is then intensified by an absence of duty. The Shift from Fragmented to Integrated Marketing Communications Preceding the development of integrated marketing communication amid the 1990s, mass interchanges-the act of relaying data to substantial portions of the populace through TV, radio, and other media-dominated promoting.   Publicists communicated their offerings and strategic offers with little respect for the assorted needs, tastes, and estimations of purchasers. Frequently, this one size fits all approach was expensive and uninformative because of the absence of devices for measuring brings about terms of offers. Be that as it may, as techniques for gathering and breaking down consumer information through single-source innovation, for example, store scanners enhanced, advertisers were progressively ready to connect limited time exercises with customer buying designs. Organizations likewise started to scale back their operations and grow promoting errands inside their associations. Promoting organizations were additionally anticipated that would comprehend and give all showcasing capacities, not simply publicizing, for their customers. Today, corporate marketing spending plans are distributed toward exchange advancements, customer advancements, marking, advertising, and promoting. The allotment of correspondence spending plans far from broad communications and conventional promoting has raised the significance of IMC significance for viable showcasing. Presently, promoting is seen more as a two-path discussion amongst advertisers and purchasers. This move in the publicizing and media businesses can be condensed by the accompanying business sector patterns: a move from broad communications promoting to different types of correspondence the developing ubiquity of more particular (specialty) media, which considers individualized examples of utilization and expanded division of shopper tastes and inclinations the move from a maker commanded market to a retailer-ruled, shopper controlled market the developing utilization of information based promoting rather than general-center publicizing and showcasing more prominent business responsibility, especially in promoting execution based remuneration inside associations, which expands deals and advantages in organizations boundless Internet get to and more noteworthy online accessibility of merchandise and ventures a bigger concentrate on creating showcasing correspondences exercises that deliver an incentive for target gatherings of people while expanding advantages and decreasing ex penses The Tools of Integrated Marketing Communications The IMC procedure by and large starts with an incorporated showcasing interchanges arrange for that depicts the diverse sorts of promoting, publicizing, and deals instruments that will be utilized amid crusades. These are to a great extent limited time instruments, which incorporate everything from site improvement (SEO) strategies and pennant notices to online courses and websites. Integrated marketing communication components, for example, daily papers, announcements, and magazines may likewise be utilized to educate and induce buyers. Advertisers should likewise settle on the fitting mix of customary and advanced correspondences for their intended interest group to fabricate a solid brand-buyer relationship. Notwithstanding the brands special blend, it is critical that advertisers guarantee their informing is steady and credible over all correspondence channels.Integrated Marketing Communication is characterized as the coordination and reconciliation of all advertising specialized instrument, roads and sources inside an organization into consistent program that augment the effect on client and flip side clients at a negligible cost. This reconciliation influences all firm business-to-business, showcasing channel, client centered, and inside coordinated correspondences. Incorporated Marketing Communications is an administration idea that is intended to make all parts of showcasing correspondence, for example, publicizing, deals advancement, advertising, individual offering and direct promoting cooperate as a bound together compel, instead of allowing each to work in disconnection. Additionally, it goes about as a forceful promoting arrangement since it sets and tracks advertising methodology that catches and uses broad measure of client data. It likewise guarantees that all types of correspondences and messages are precisely connected together to accomplish particular target. Advertising Advertising has four qualities: it is powerful in nature; it is non-individual; it is paid for by a recognized support; and it is dispersed through mass channels of correspondence. Publicizing messages may advance the reception of merchandise, administrations, people, or thoughts. Since the business message is scattered through the broad communications-instead of individual offering-it is seen as a substantially less expensive method for achieving shoppers. Be that as it may, its non-individual nature implies it does not have the capacity to tailor the business message to the message beneficiary and, all the more critically, really get the deal. Accordingly, promoting impacts are best measured as far as expanding mindfulness and changing dispositions and suppositions, not making deals. Public Relations (PR) Advertising is characterized as an administration capacity which recognizes, builds up, and keeps up commonly valuable connections between an association and general society whereupon its prosperity or disappointment depends. Though promoting is a restricted correspondence from sender (the advertiser) to the beneficiary (the shopper or the retail exchange), advertising considers numerous gatherings of people (purchasers, representatives, providers, sellers, and so forth.) and utilizations two-path correspondence to screen input and conform both its message and the associations activities for greatest advantage. Sales Promotions (SP) Sales promotion are immediate actuations that offer additional impetuses to improve or quicken the items development from maker to buyer. Deals advancements might be coordinated at the customer or the exchange. Buyer advancements, for example, coupons, examining, premiums, sweepstakes, value (packs that offer more noteworthy amount or lower cost than ordinary), minimal effort financing arrangements, and refunds are buy impetuses in that they prompt item trial and energize repurchase. Personal Selling (PS) Individual offering incorporates all individual to-individual contact with clients with the reason for acquainting the item with the client, persuading him or her of the items esteem, and bringing the deal to a close. The part of individual offering changes from association to association, contingent upon the nature and size of the organization, the industry, and the items or administrations it is promoting. Direct Marketing (DM) Coordinate promoting, the most established type of showcasing, is the way toward discussing specifically with target clients to energize reaction by phone, mail, electronic means, or individual visit. Clients of direct showcasing incorporate retailers, wholesalers, makers, and specialist organizations, and they utilize an assortment of techniques including regular postal mail, telemarketing, coordinate reaction promoting, online PC shopping administrations, link shopping systems, and infomercials. Emerging Tools of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) Sponsorships (Event Marketing) Sponsorships, consolidate publicizing and deals advancements with advertising. Sponsorships increment consciousness of an organization or item, fabricate unwaveringness with a particular target crowd, help separate an item from its rivals, give marketing openings, show responsibility to a group or ethnic gathering, or effect all that really matters. Like promoting, sponsorships are started to assemble long haul affiliations. Associations in some cases contrast sponsorships and promoting by utilizing gross impressions or cost-per-thousand estimations. Social Media Marketing The idea of web-based social networking marketing fundamentally alludes to the way toward advancing business or sites through web-based social networking channels. It is a capable promoting medium that is characterizing the way individuals are imparting. It is one of the altogether minimal effort special strategies that give organizations extensive quantities of connections and gigantic measure of activity. Organizations figure out how to get huge consideration and that truly works for the business. Online networking promoting is a powerful technique connected by dynamic organizations for offering their items/administrations or for simply distributing content for commercial income. Internet Marketing Internet Marketing likewise alluded to as i-promoting, web-marketing, online marketing or e-Marketing, is the marketing of items or administrations over the Internet. The Internet has conveyed media to a worldwide gathering of people. The intuitive way of Internet advertising as far as giving moment reactions and inspiring reactions are the one of a kind characteristics of the medium. Mobile Marketing Portable Marketing includes speaking with the customer by means of cell (or versatile) gadget, either to send a straightforward showcasing message, to acquaint them with another group of onlookers support based crusade or to permit them to visit a versatile site. Conclusion The rise of integrated marketing communication (IMC) has turned into a important case of development in the area of marketing. It has affected thinking and acting among a wide range of organizations and associations confronting the substances of rivalry in an open economy. From the earliest starting point of the 1990s IMC turned into a genuine intriguing issue in the field of promoting. Four phases of IMC have been recognized, beginning from strategic coordination to budgetary and key reconciliation. Be that as it may, the greater part of firms are tied down in the primary stages and not very many have moved to a vital level. One conclusion is that there are obstructions to creating IMC from strategies to technique. Integrated marketing communication is a way to deal with arranging communications that gives your independent company the possibility to show signs of improvement results from your campaigns and decrease promoting costs. By incorporating tools, for example, publicizing, direct mail, web-based social networking, telemarketing and deals advancement, you give clearness, consistency and greatest interchanges affect. An integrated campaign helps you give clients data in the configuration they incline toward. Buyers and business clients can indicate in the event that they need to get item data through email, direct mail, instant message or phone. Coordination guarantees they get a similar data in all interchanges. You can likewise address the issues of clients who scan the Internet for item data by incorporating your web architecture and substance with different correspondences. In the customary approach to deal with marketing communication, organizations and their agencies plan different campaigns for publicizing, press relations, coordinate advertising and sales promotion. Coordinated campaigns utilize a similar promotion apparatuses to fortify each other and enhance showcasing viability. In a coordinated crusade, you can utilize promoting to bring issues to light of a product and produce leads for the business compel. By conveying a similar data in official statements and highlight articles, you fortify the messages in the promoting. You can then utilize post office based mail or email to catch up request from the promoting or press crusades and furnish prospects with more data. Integrated Marketing Communications Integrated Marketing Communications INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS: ISSUES Introduction The emergence of integrated marketing communications (IMC) has become one of the most significant examples of development in the marketing discipline (Kitchen, 2003). Because of the realities of competition in an open economy it has influenced thinking and acting among corporate organisations, Some 20 years ago academics and professionals discussed theory and practice of business communication but without considering the idea of integration as a realistic approach to reach a competitive strategic position for the company. Some early attempts in the beginning of the 1980s initiated academic interest and articles appeared in the academic literature (Dyer, 1982; Coulson-Thomas, 1983). From the beginning of the 1990s IMC became a real hot topic in the field of marketing (Caywood et al., 1991; Miller and Rose, 1994; Kitchen and Schultz, 1997, 1998, 1999). Twenty years ago, 75 percent of marketing budgets went to advertising in the US. Today, 50 percent goes into trade promotions, 25 percent into consumer promotions and less than 25 percent into advertising (Kitchen, 2003). The allocation of communication budgets away from mass media and traditional advertising has obviously promoted IMC in recognition and importance for effective marketing. The emergence of IT has greatly chang ed the media landscape, contributed to an extensive deregulation of markets and individualized patterns of consumption and increased the segmentation of consumer tastes and preferences (Eagle and Kitchen, 2000; Kitchen, 2003). Four stages of IMC have been identified by Kitchen and Schultz (2000) starting from tactical coordination of promotional elements, redefining the scope of marketing communications, application of information technology to financial and strategic integration. They found that the majority of firms are still operating in the first two stages, some are moving into stage three and very few have moved to stage four. One fact is that there are barriers to developing IMC from tactics to strategy. If we accept that communication is the foundation of all human relationship (Duncan, 2002) we also have to accept that only strategically oriented integrated brand communications can help business to reach a sustainable competitive position. My main purpose, thus, is to systematically review the literature of the marketing concept Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) by identifying key debates within the academic research, summarize them and propose opportunities for further research. LITERATURE REVIEW Communication is the process by which individuals share meaning. This means that each participant must fully understand each other otherwise no dialogue will occur. Only through knowledge and understanding of the communication process are the actors likely to achieve their objectives of influencing attitudes, knowledge and/or behaviors to persuade, which is one of the most prominent reasons why organizations need to communicate (Fill, 1999). With increasing worldwide interest in the emergent concept and field of IMC it is important to investigate its theoretical foundations. An English exile in Paris Thomas Hobbes produced his major work: Leviathan in April 1651 (Hobbes, 1651, pp. 46-8). He argued that our cognizance, i.e the thinking, such as beliefs (Peter,J.P., Olson,J.C., Gruert, K.G. 1999) of the world are really of the pressures materially exerted on us by external motions (or signals from the environment). Also our passions are influenced by material motions. Men are therefore mostly influenced by internal material perceptions of an external material world (Hobbes, 1651, p. 52). While not accepting his thesis wholeheartedly, it is evident that we live in a material world (Lansley, 1993) one which supports the perspective that men are expected to be influenced by external motions. However, the outcomes associated with the Hobbesian metaphor suggest that conditions now are quite different from those early years a position supported by the communications revolution taking place in the twentieth century alone. The opinion that we are influenced by external motions gains credence when standard models of consumer behaviour are considered (Kotler, 1992, pp. 161-4). Such models describe consumer behaviour as a black box of consumer characteristics and decision-making processes. The black box is influenced by inputs consisting of environmental characteristics (social, economic, technological, political and cultural) and marketing characteristics (product, price, promotion, and place). These may lead to attitudinal change (i.e. brand loyalties and behavioural tendencies) and ultimately to actions in the form of product, brand, and store choice, timing, and amount.Clearly, such communications are not alone in their attempts to influence thinking or behaviour. So what is occurring within the black box? Marketing communicators are aiming to progress consumers through the cognitive, affective, and behavioural stages of decision making as exemplified by, for example, the AIDA model (Strong, 1925) which asserts that, for advertising to work, it must be effective through four distinct stages: Attention. The consumer must notice the communication. Interest. The consumer must be drawn to take in the message which is being communicated. Desire. The consumer must want to acquire the product or service which is the subject of the communication. Action. The consumer must make the purchase. There are many other communication models all of which describe promotional communication in terms of altered cognitions, emotional feelings, or behavioural tendencies towards a firm and/or its products or services. Marketing communications does not and cannot operate in a vacuum of its own making. Consumers perceive social reality in a number of ways in which , the least being, by social interaction with others (Berger and Luckman, 1991). Media content and other forms of promotion, together with knowledge derived from a diversity of origins, and social interaction, form a constructed view of temporal existence within consumer minds. Consumers make use of, and are not just affected by, promotional activity. Marketing communications are limited in the effects they can have on consumer minds (Katz, 1987). But, undoubtedly, in order for marketing communications to have an effect on consumer minds, they have to reach the sense organs of the person(s) to be affected. However, what happens after is debatable. Most consumers are continually bombarded with communications virtually every waking moment of the day. On an average day this may amount to over 2,000 exposures (Kotler, 1988). The majority of such exposures are screened out either by lack of interest or sensory overload. Messages may be distorted or twisted to fit with pre-existent cognitive structures (Cartwright, 1972), i.e. recipients of communications may twist them to fit in with their existing knowledge or information base. Selectivity in memory retention is evident dependent on the extent to which elaboration and message rehearsal take place in receivers. Thus communication systems are very essential in affecting consumer opinions. By a communication system Shannon and Weaver meant a system essentially contained five parts: An information source which produces a message or sequence of messages to be communicated to a receiving terminal. The message may be of various types. A transmitter which operates on the message to produce a signal suitable for transmission over the channel. The channel is merely the medium used to transmit the signal from transmitter to receiver. The receiver, reconstructing the message from the signal. The destination is the person for whom the message is intended (Shannon and Weaver, 1949, p. 3). Shannon and Weaver classified communication systems into three main categories: discrete, continuous and mixed. By a discrete system they meant one in which both the message and the signal are a sequence of discrete symbols, for instance telegraphy. A continuous system is one in which the message and signal both are treated as continuous functions, e.g. radio or television. A mixed system is one in which both discrete and continuous variables appear, e.g. transmission of speech. Related to the broad subject or communication, Warren (1949) identified, problems at three levels.Level 1 The technical problem how accurately the symbols of communication can be transmitted. Level 2 The semantic problem how precisely the transmitted symbols convey the desired meaning and Level 3The effectiveness problem how effectively the received meaning does affect conduct in the desired way. Figure 1 shows a communication system, where the information source selects a desired message out of a set of possible messages. The selected messages may consist of written or spoken words, or of pictures, music, etc. The message is changed by the transmitter into the signal, which is sent over the channel to the receiver. The kinds of questions which Shannon seeks to ask concerning such a communication system are: How to measure amount of information? How to measure the capacity of a communication channel? The action of the transmitter in changing the message into the signal often involves a coding process. When the coding process is as efficient as possible, at what rate can the channel convey information? What are the general characteristics of noise and how can undesirable effects of noise be minimized or eliminated? If the signal being transmitted (as in written speech, telegraphy) how does this fact affect the problem? Shannon and Weaver developed what is now accepted as the basic model of communications. It is a sequential and linear model, which has survived for decades and appears in somewhat different shapes in common literature in the field of marketing communications. However, the model is essentially a one-step model of communication and is oversimplified since communications do not necessarily occur in a single step. The linear model of communications emphasizes the transmission of signals, ideas and information primarily through symbols. As we have seen the linear model focuses on transmission effectiveness and efficiency and emphasizes measurability. Holm (2002) found that 70-80 percent of relevant literature in the field of marketing communications during the 1990s is based on the linear, process-oriented perspective on communication theory. We assume that communication is intentional and a deliberate effort to bring about response. We also assume that communication is a transactional process between two and more parties whereby meaning is exchanged through the intentional use of symbols. This means that all those involved in the process must share a common view of what the symbols and signs actually mean. This, then, means that a senders and a receivers field of experience, understanding and interpretation to a certain extent must overlap. This requires a somewhat different and developed theoretical approach to marketing communications, a qualitative approach, which pays attention to the reader, to the listener and the viewer since meaning can only be derived socially (Blythe, 2000). Meaning, signs, symbols, syntactic and culture become essential elements in the developing of communications. The linear, process-oriented model and its components are straightforward, but it is the quality of the linkages between the vario us elements in the process that determine whether the communication will be successful (Fill, 2002). However, this crucial perspective on communications is focused by only 20-30 percent of the relevant literature in the field of marketing communications. IMC as a concept has gained recognition on an international scale during the 1990s. Thus its widespread use is comparatively recent. Let us assume that the ultimate purpose of marketing is to deliver a higher standard of living (Kotler, 2003). If we use a more limited definition we could say that marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and freely exchanging products and services of value with others (Kotler, 2003, p. 9). The keyword is value, which can be defined as a ratio between benefits and costs, between what the customer gets and what he/she gives. To increase greater customer participation the marketer can use several combinations of methods, all aiming to raise benefits and reduce costs. It is then evident that the main purpose of marketing communication is to affect the consumers conception of value and of the relation between benefits and costs. Defining IMC, Smith et al. (1999) distinguishes three definitions: Management and control of all market communications. Ensuring that the brand positioning, personality and messages are delivered synergistically across every element of communication and are delivered from a single consistent strategy. The strategic analysis, choice, implementation and control of all elements of marketing communications which efficiently (best use of resources), economically (minimum costs) and effectively (maximum results) influence transactions between an organization and its existing and potential customers, consumers and clients. In order to reach a better understanding of the full meaning and process of IMC Smith et al. (1999) have developed a tool which is supposed to show marketing integration as occurring at one or more of seven levels. They distinguish the following levels and corresponding degrees of integration. Vertical objectives integration. It means that communication objectives fit with marketing objectives and the overall corporate objectives. Horizontal/functional integration. Marketing communications activities fit well with other business functions of manufacturing, operations and human resource management. Marketing mix integration. The marketing mix of product, price and place decisions is consistent with the promotion decisions, e.g. with the required communication messages. Communications mix integration. All the 12 communications tools are being used to guide the customer/consumer/client through each stage of the buying process and all of them portray a consistent message. Creative design integration. The creative design and execution is uniform and consistent with the chosen positioning of the product. Internal/external integration. All internal departments and all external employed agencies are working together to an agreed plan and strategy. Financial integration. The budget is being used in the most effective and efficient way ensuring that economies of scale are achieved and that long-term investment is optimized. Smith et al. claim that the most important and fundamental level is that of vertical integration of objectives and activities and that no effective marketing communication objective can be formulated, which is not directly linked to specific marketing objectives and to relevant corporate objectives. All these levels contain specific critical issues which might occur during the process and need to be solved. One of the most essential tasks is to make sure that goals on different levels and character are mutually achievable. Objectives for profitability must be consistent with objectives for growth, for gaining increasing market share and for certain social responsibilities and to broader societal concerns. Goals and strategies must deal with industry threats and take into consideration risks of competitive response. When it comes to communication and implementation it must be sure that the goals are well understood and accepted by the key implementers. The emergence of the internet and new information technology has led many companies to reconsider their key factors to competitive success. Porter (2001) states that some companies have used internet technology to shift the basis of competition away from quality, features and service toward price, making it harder for anyone in the ir industry to reach profitability. Porter has pointed out how internet influences industry structure. Some of his findings are: differences among competitors are reduced; competition migrates to price; geographic market widens increasing the number of competitors; new substitution threats are created by the proliferation of internet; standardization of products reduces differentiation; reduced barriers to entry shifts power to suppliers; traditional powerful channels are eliminated; end-users bargaining power is increased through reduced switching costs; difficult to keep internet applications from new entrants; and the internet can expand the market by making the industry more efficient. Evidently, these and other factors must be taken into consideration when developing marketing communication. However, the most essential difference, from a communicative perspective, is not the changing set of tools. More important is to adjust objectives and strategies to changing marketing and communication realities. As we can see, IMC is a more complex issue. It is the art of uniting a senders purposes and goals with the carefully selected receivers prerequisites of interpretation and preunderstanding, to develop a creative strategy, where content and form of the messages are congruent and to optimize the selection of channels. The process has obvious similarities with classic methodology of rhetoric (Vossius, 1990). Thus IMC has become a strategic issue and should, therefore, be treated in accordance with the nature of strategy and strategic decisions. The characteristics commonly associated with the concept of strategy and strategic decisions are, first, that strategy is concerned with the long-term direction of an organization or a company. Second, strategic decisions are likely about to gain some competitive advantage. Third, strategic decisions are concerned with the scope of the organizations activities. It is to do with what owners and managements want the organization to be like and to be about. This could and should include important decisions about visions, product range, withdrawal from or entering markets. Johnson and Scholes (2002) claim that strategy can be seen as the matching or resources and activities or an organization to the environment in which it operates, sometimes known as the search for strategic fit. Besides identifying strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities in the business environment it would be seen as important to achieve the correct positioning of the company including the organization of the three concepts identity, profile and image. Questions concerning the connection between these concepts are of the utmost importance for the organizations relations to its market, for its ability to develop, maintain and increase a competitive position (Holm, 1998). There are many tactics at the marketers disposal when using the elements of the communications mix in order to maximize the impact of the communications activities. The basics of this is the four-way division into advertising, public relations, sales promotion and personal selling (Blythe, 2000). Traditionally, the tools of marketing communications are around 12-20. Collectively, these are referred to as the promotional mix (Blythe, 2000; Burnett and Moriarity, 1998; Fill, 1999; Kitchen, 2003; Kotler, 2003; Pickton and Broderick, 2001; Smith et al., 1999). In order to illustrate the complexity of the communication process, we must add a number of tools of varying importance and of different character, both personal and mass marketing communications. On a macro level, the scope of marketing should include ideologies, political as well as commercially oriented. Examples like the Nazi era in Germany (The Ministry of Propaganda systematically used sports events like the Olympic Games, as large-scale event marketing. Music, opera, art, architecture, uniforms, badges, flags, exhibitions, film, literature, education and parades were all used as communications tools in order to sell a political ideology). We find similar examples in the former Soviet Union and in todays North Korea. However, increasing need and opportunities to reach the single individual consumer, buyer, guest, client, visitor, patient or voter, leads to the search for more sophisticated and in several situations critical tools. It is of utmost importance to widen the methodo logical perspective and take into consideration tools of particular interest in a one-to-one marketing perspective. The numerous tools and the uncountable possible combinations illustrate the complexity of IMC and that decisions concerning IMC is a strategic issue mainly consisting of principals and guidelines rather than instructions on a tactical level, mostly handled by advertising agencies (Schroeder, 2002; Percy et al., 2002) and account executives. Also on a macro level, we can distinguish three factors which have fundamentally changed the conditions for IMC; deregulations of markets, globalization of the economy and individualization of the consumption. The emergence of new information technology can be considered as the dominating underlying factor. Communication has always been built upon three different systems sound, image and writing. All these systems have been depending on technological development. Up till now no technology has been able to transmit all systems, at t he most two. Gutenberg produced writing and image. Sound film came 1929, based on sound technology and photography. The numeric revolution handle the three systems and has become a fourth system, the digital system which itself has had tremendous economic and social consequences. Previously, the three communication systems were separate. The IT-revolution has made a total communicative integration possible, which in its turn has changed business structures. Three large business areas are now integrated: telephony, television and the computer industry. The importance of specialization has decreased and differences between previously separate cultures as publishing, film industry and music industry have diminished. Fusions have brought the three spheres together and they have become the heavy industry of our time. The development of the industrial revolution took around 200 years. The new technology has reached practically all over the world in 20 years. However, communication remains as one of the most human of activities. We can, again, define communication as a transactional process between two or more parties whereby meaning is exchanged through the intentional use of symbols (Engel et al., 1994). Notice the key elements: communication is intentional; a deliberate effort is made to bring about a response. It is a transaction and the participants are all involved in the process and it is symbolic where words, pictures, music and other stimulants are used to convey thoughts (Blythe, 2000). Computer-based systems have revolutionized communications. Computer-based communications include data based systems and web sites. We can argue that technological development has put good old days far behind. The competitive arena of today bears little resemblance to that of the mid-1990s (Blythe, 2000, p.10). Non-differentiated mass markets rarely exist today. A number of factors have emerged and interact in such a way that the environment for c ommunication strategy is radically changed. Engel et al. (1994) claimed that appealing to unidentified individuals in a mass market is increasingly becoming a dead end. One fundamental consequence is that the traditional emphasis on heavyweight mass communication campaigns (so-called above-the-line), has been replaced by more direct and highly targeted promotional activities using direct marketing and other tools aimed to reach the smallest of all target groups, the single individual. Conclusions The primary goal of IMC is to affect the perception of value and behavior through directed communication. The development and diffusion of IMC is closely associated with fast technological advancement and of a rapidly globalizing and deregulations of markets and individualization of consumption patterns. This has emphasized the need to adjust objectives and strategies to changing marketing and communication realities. In the rapidly changing and highly competitive world of the twenty-first century only strategically oriented IMC can help business to move forward. However, Kitchen and Schultz (2000) have found that a majority of firms have remained on a level mainly dealing with tactical coordination of promotional elements and that very few, a handful in todays world, have moved to financial and strategic integration. We can assume that the theoretical and methodological perspectives and frameworks are influenced by educational background and tradition. On a tactical level marketing, communication is handled by professionally skilled account executives, art directors and copy directors with very limited competence and experience from strategic management. A study of the current educational program, specially designed for management on strategic level, shows that communication theory and methodology takes up approximately 3 percent of total time. The rest of the time is devoted to strategic planning, applied management, financial analysis, marketing, politics and economics. This educational structure has remained during at least the last two decades. A main conclusion we can draw is that those who have strategic and tactic responsibility for IMC live in separate educational, cultural, intellectual and empirical spheres. Those responsible for strategic management decisions possess, at the best, strategic management ability but lack insight and awareness concerning communication theory and method. And those professionally skilled in communication lack relevant skills concerning strategic management, theoretically and empirically. If we imagine these two spheres as areas, we can easily notice that the intersection field is very small. A study of relevant literature published during the 1990s shows that a simplified theoretical perspective on communication as process oriented, sequential and linear is dominating 70-80 percent of the books, thereby overlooking the complexity of communication. Different educational cultures might be an essential obstacle to move IMC from tactics to strategy. A study of leading Swedish schools and institutes in the fields of management shows that approximately only 3 percent of total time is devoted to communication theory and methodology. The study also shows that the education programs of the leading marketing communications schools contain less than 10 percent of leadership and strategic management while more 90 percent is aimed at communication theory, various techniques, advertising, art, copy and account executive training. A concluding remark is that the concept of IMC is dominated by a simplified and insufficient theoretical perspective and handled by professionals with skills on a technical and tactical level. This indicates that there is a gap between two cultural, intellectual and empirical spheres. Opportunities for further research. Based on various researches by scholars in the field, I would encourage more research to be carried out in this aspect of marketing. It is a matter of common interest for academics, professional schools and practitioners on strategic and tactical levels to close the gap in order to move IMC from tactics to strategy. This can be achieved by international research and reconsidering educational programs regarding management, marketing and marketing communications. REFERENCES Berger, P., Luckman, T. (1991), The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Penguin, New York, NY, pp.56-7. Blythe, J. (2000), Marketing Communications, Pearson Education, Edinburgh, Financial Times/Prentice-Hall, Burnett, J., Moriarity, S. (1998), Introduction to Marketing Communications, An Integrated Approach, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Cartwright, D. (1972), Some Principles of Mass Persuasion, Human Relations, Cohen, J.B., New York, NY, Vol. 2 No.3, pp.253-67;. 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